Napenape

BY KATE PEDLEY (UNIVERSITY OF CANTERBURY)
Accessibility: EASY
White chalk cliffs of Napenape. Photo/ K Pedley
Napenape boasts some impressive cliffs of strikingly white fine limestone. These were formed by the deposits of microscopic marine organisms in shallow oceans surrounding a partly emerged and low lying New Zealand continent area around 35 million years ago. Napenape was also an important place for Māori living in Canterbury, and has been studied by archaeologists.
Sunrise at Napenape. Photo/ K Pedley
The white cliffs at Napenape are made of fine-grained Amuri Limestone (colloquially also known as chalk) and contain the tiny fossils of calcitic marine plant and animal plankton (coccoliths and foraminifera). These rocks also contain many trace fossils, the most obvious of which is the unusual corkscrew shaped Zoophycos. Zoophycos is thought to be formed by moving and feeding marine polychaete worms and can extend for up to 1 m, both horizontally and vertically in the rock. Zoophycos are an important part of the bedding plane waviness at 0.5-1 m scale, and thought to probably contribute greatly to the engineering stability of the rock mass.
The controversial "Marshall Paraconformity" (see link) is also exposed at this location towards the top of the cliff at the southern end of the beach. It was in part formed because many small marine animals have burrowed into the top surface of the Amuri Limestone before the greensand (literally "green sandstone", from the Spy Glass Formation at the base of the Motunau Group - Oligocene aged) was laid down on top, now infilling those burrows and the formation of numerous phosphate nodules.
Limestone cliffs amongst remnant coastal native forest. Photo/ K Pedley
Napenape is a spectacular place at sunrise with the contrast of the stark white cliffs against the dark grey stones (mostly eroded Torlesse Supergroup) on the beach. The microscopic organisms that make up this fine stone feel smooth under your fingers as opposed to many coarser limestones made of broken or whole shells or fossils.
Can you see the bedding layers in the limestone in the large cliff at the south end of the beach sloping towards the east? This slope (called a dip) is due to the ongoing present day uplift of the North Canterbury ranges to the west.
Also note the "Marshall Paraconformity" where the darker greensand unit sits on top of the white chalk near the top of the cliff. If you look very carefully at this unconformity you'll see it is very knobbly and broken up in appearance due to the burrows. Right at the very top of the cliff you will also see much younger (Quaternary) brown gravels deposited in the marine environment and sitting on an erosion surface above the greensand.
The best rocks to view the Zoophycos trace fossils can be found directly at the red marker on the map. They are exposed in tilted rock slabs facing the ocean, at the back of the beach. Look for the spiral-like radiating scratch marks up to 1 m across embedded in the limestone surface!
Directions/Advisory

Napenape is signposted (yellow signs) on SH1, 10km north of Greta Valley. Take Stonyhurst Road and Blythe Road to Nape Nape Road and beach. Take care to follow the correct roads at each intersection. Alternatively take the Hurunui Mouth Road from Domett on SH1 and then south on Blythe Road to Nape Nape Road. Note both Blythe and Nape Nape roads are gravel.

Note there is NO fresh drinking water provided so you will need to bring your own.
Light no fires (DOC conservation land).
There are NO toilets.
Please take all rubbish away with you.
Note if camping - self-contained certified vehicles ONLY.
Take care around cliffs for rock fall. Note there are poison bait stations in the bush and often stock (beef and sheep) in the paddocks. Beach is NOT suitable for swimming.

Google Directions

Click here for Google driving directions

Accessibility: EASY

Park at the end of the road. Approximately 10 mins walk down to beach.

Features
Sedimentary Fossils
Geological Age
Around 35 million years ago, Late Eocene to Early Oligocene
Zealandia Evolution Sequence
Waka Supergroup (Flooding): 35 – 25 million years ago
Links
Napenape is a Scenic Reserve being home to one of the few remnants of coastal native forest in the district. Check out this website for a photographic list of some of the flora and fauna you can find there: http://naturewatch.org.nz/posts/3462-nape-nape-scenic-reserve-21-october-2012 The controversial "Marshall Paraconformity" - a more than 30 year geological debate!: http://www.mikepole.com/2014/07/22/the-marshall-paraconformity-a-30-year-geological-debate-in-new-zealand/ Napenape also has a few geocache sites! Check out the following link to join in the treasure hunt - can be a fun extra activity!: https://www.geocaching.com/play